Religion, Political Fragmentation, and Inclusive Peacebuilding in Plural Societies

Abstract

Drawing on the inter-war period as a formative phase of modern state formation, Lacroix demonstrated how ethno-religious diversity in countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq became both a cultural asset and a potential source of conflict when politicized within fragmented political systems and shaped by external interventions who offered critical insights into the relationship between religion, politics, and peacebuilding through the lens of Middle Eastern history. This article discusses Lacroixs key arguments, emphasizing that conflict is not driven by religious identity alone, but by the interaction of historical legacies, governance failures, and geopolitical interests. The discussion further highlights the relevance of these lessons for other plural societies, including Indonesia, where inclusive political arrangements, egalitarian inter-communal dialogue, and recognition of plural identities are essential for sustainable peace. The article concludes that historically informed and context-sensitive approaches are vital for designing effective peace strategies in diverse societies.